全国水土保持功能年度价值评价研究

依据《中华人民共和国水土保持法释义》对水土保持功能的定义,分析了水土保持设施、地貌植被所发挥或蕴藏的有利于保护水土资源、防灾减灾、改善生态、促进社会进步等作用的内涵。在借鉴国内外先进经验和研究成果基础上,结合我国水土流失特点、水土保持现状,界定出水土保持功能价值概念。采用生态经济学计量方法,结合实际调研情况,分析各个指标之间的逻辑关系,建立了水土保持功能价值评价模型。按照国家水土保持区划一级分区,适当考虑二级分区和三级分区,以及全国水土流失动态监测站网分布概况,收集39个典型县(市、区)2016年度的土壤、水文、气象等观测资料,测算出其水土保持功能价值,进而推算至全类型区,再从8个水土保持一级分区的水土保持功能价值推算出2016年度全国水土保持功能价值,并在对测算结果进行分析讨论的基础上,对国家制定水土保持生态文明对策提出了建议。     

特早熟高糖猕猴桃新品种‘金美’

‘金美’是从云南野外美味猕猴桃资源中选育出的绿肉高糖新品种。果实为卵形，果面黄褐色硬毛，果形整齐；平均单果质量60 ~ 80 g。果肉绿色或黄绿色，质嫩多汁，风味浓甜。软熟果实含可溶性固形物24.1%，可溶性总糖16.2%，总酸1.25%，维生素C 1 180 mg • kg-1，钾 342 mg • kg-1，钙84.2 mg • kg-1。在武汉地区8月果实成熟，此时果实采后7 d开始软熟，1 ~ 2 ℃低温和95%相对湿度下可存放100 ~ 120 d。盛果期产量22 t • hm-2。     

Establishing an eyeball-weight relationship for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology

This study aimed to establish a shrimp eyeball-weight relationship model for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology. A total of 295 shrimp were sampled from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The long-axis length (d), body length (L), and body weight (W) of each individual was measured. The long axis length of the shrimp eyeball was identified and measured using machine vision technology. Continuous fitting and piecewise fitting models were used to construct the eyeball-weight relationship model for L. vannamei. The continuous fitting relationship model was described as: W = 38.865d^2.7914, while the piecewise model was described as: d < 2 mm, W = 0.0326d^3.7363, R² = 0.9288; 2 mm ≤ d < 3.9 mm, W = 0.0401d^3.104, R² = 0.9629; 3.9 mm ≤ d < 5.8 mm, W = 0.0421d^3.0311, R² = 0.9216; 5.8 mm < d, W = 0.103d^2.6226, R² = 0.9457. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the piecewise fitting model (0.0244, 0.1575, 0.5034, 0.7072) was smaller than the continuous fitting model (0.8229). The correlation coefficient (R²) of the piecewise model (0.9288, 0.9629, 0.9216, and 0.9457) was similar to that of the continuous fitting model (R² = 0.9621). The results indicated that the piecewise fitting model is suitable for calculating the biomass of L. vannamei in RAS and provides a novel way of estimating the biomass of L. vannamei cultured in RAS. The piecewise fitting model can also provide the foundation of evaluating the production of shrimp using underwater image recognition in intelligent aquaculture systems.     

长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换的深层土壤水环境效应

研究长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换后0~1 000 cm土壤含水量特征，分析了苹果园土壤干燥化和苹果园转换为农田后土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明：2、7、17、23、29 a苹果园200~1 000 cm的平均土壤含水量分别为22.8%、21.4%、16.8%、15.4%、14.9%。500~1 000 cm土层中，29 a苹果园平均土壤含水量（14.5%）高于23 a的果园（13.3%）；17~29 a的苹果园均表现为轻度干燥化；基于苹果园和农田转换后土壤水分变化情况估算，苹果园最大种植年限为21 a。苹果园转换为农田1、5、10 a后，农田200~1 000 cm土层土壤含水量分别为：15.3%、15.7%和16.2%，恢复到土壤稳定湿度以上的土层厚度分别为140 cm（1 a）、220 cm（5 a）和400 cm（10 a）。     

棉蚜预测预报网络数据库系统的设计与开发

依据棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover测报的国家行业标准(GB／T15799．1995)及其测报调查的相关信息标准，利用分布式数据库SQL建立了棉蚜预测预报数据库，数据库主要包括早春木本寄主蚜虫调查、早春草本寄主蚜虫调查、苗期棉蚜消长情况调查、苗期棉蚜普查、伏期棉蚜系统调查、伏期棉蚜普查、棉田天敌系统调查、植保站信息和气象信息等12个数据表；利用Internet网络技术和网络开发软件，建立了浏览器／服务器应用程序结构体系，实现了棉蚜虫情数据维护、查询、统计、报表和打印等网络数据库管理和预测数据挖掘功能。棉蚜网络数据库的建立和浏览器／服务器应用程序结构体系的组建和实现，为棉蚜区域化预测预报和管理提供了有力的科学和技术支持。     

三江源区土壤侵蚀变化及驱动因素分析

采用修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation, RUSLE)对三江源区1997-2012年的土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量进行定量模拟,并对其生态工程实施前、后时空变化特征进行对比分析,采用空间叠加法分析降雨侵蚀力及植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀状况的影响,利用模型参数控制法对气候变化和生态工程对土壤侵蚀变化的贡献率进行分析。结果表明:1)生态工程实施后,三江源区土壤侵蚀增加的趋势尚未得到遏制,多年平均年土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀量较工程实施前增加6.5%,但局部地区土壤侵蚀状况有所好转,约占总面积的45%;2)长江流域在工程实施后的土壤侵蚀量与工程实施前基本持衡;黄河流域土壤侵蚀量增加明显,增幅超过45%;澜沧江流域土壤侵蚀量有所下降,降幅为9.8%;3)降水增强导致土壤侵蚀加剧的贡献率达到180%,植被恢复对土壤侵蚀变化的贡献率为-80%。全面遏制三江源区土壤侵蚀增加趋势,仍需持续努力。     

Assessing the sustainability of cropping systems in single- and multi-site studies. A review of methods

The multiple new challenges facing agriculture require the development of innovative cropping systems with high environmental, economic and social performances. Many research programmes are currently focusing on the design of such cropping systems. Some include the multicriteria assessment of cropping systems by diverse methods and approaches. Some of these research programmes are supported by experimental or farmers’ networks, generating new opportunities for data analysis and raising new research and methodological questions. In this article, we provide an overview based on a review of 56 articles, comparing the various methods for sustainability assessment in single- and multi-site studies. Articles were classified according to three characteristics: (i) their objectives, (ii) the study design (single- vs. multi-site), (iii) the type of system assessed (fictitious vs. real). Our analysis was structured around four items: (i) the variables used to describe cropping systems and production situations and the use of these variables in the assessment process, (ii) the criteria and associated indicators assessed, (iii) the methods used to explore multiple aspects of the performance of cropping systems, (iv) the use of reference values. We identified key points to be taken into account in multi-site studies. The application of the proposed guidelines to experimental networks should facilitate the identification of high-performance cropping systems and the identification of the drivers of cropping system performance.     

Attributes of wheat cultivars for late autumn sowing in genes expression and field estimates

Due to the growing interest in Central and Eastern Europe on cropping of wheat in optional late autumn terms, called facultative, genetic research and field evaluation were taken on four spring cultivars: Tybalt (NL), Monsun (DE), Ostka Smolicka (PL) and Bombona (PL), currently being recommended by breeders. The PPD gene analyze, expression level of dehydrine genes (WCS120 and WDHN13) in cooling test, and qPCR for RNA isolation and analyses of WCS120 and WDHN13 gene expression at the BBCH12 stage of wheat were estimated. Molecular analysis of PPD-D1 gene confirmed the presence of photoperiod sensitive allele ppd-D1b in all tested genotypes. The highest level of NRE WCS120 gene was detected in cultivars Tybalt and Bombona. Two-year field experimental study assessed the growth, development and productivity of facultative and spring crops of studied cultivars. Based on our results from field experiments and result of molecular analysis of alleles of PPD-D1 gene, the tested genotypes can be considered as potentially facultative genotypes.     

新时代土壤化学前沿进展与展望

土壤化学是重要的土壤学基础分支学科。在回顾了土壤化学发展历程的基础上,梳理了土壤化学的四个前沿交叉方向,并展望了土壤化学与其他相关学科的交叉发展趋势,以期寻求新的学科增长点。土壤化学经历了从恒电荷到可变电荷土壤学说演变,我国在土壤电化学、根际土壤化学、土壤化学-物理-微生物界面反应等方向逐步领跑。新时代中国已经发展成为国际土壤化学的研究中心之一,尤其在土壤化学与微生物学、地球化学、矿物学、环境化学等交叉领域取得了突破性发展。同时,发展并运用同步辐射、微流控联用光谱能谱、高分辨显微镜、光谱电化学等实时、原位、高精度研究方法,推动土壤化学研究取得了长足的进步。新时代的土壤化学具有三个重要发展趋势,首先系统揭示地球表层系统中物质循环与能量交换的土壤化学机制,实现"0到1"的土壤化学原创性成果的突破;其次需要综合运用地球表层系统理论,从多界面、多要素、多过程的"三多"交互耦合;再次,需要加强与地球宜居性这一人类重大命题的交叉融合,为生态文明建设、土壤污染防治攻坚战、全球变化等国家重大需求提供理论支持。     

基于近红外光谱的沼液挥发性脂肪酸含量快速检测

挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids，VFA）作为厌氧发酵过程的重要中间产物，其在厌氧反应器中的累积能够反映出产甲烷菌的不活跃状态或厌氧发酵条件的恶化。为了实现对农牧废弃物厌氧发酵进行过程分析和状态监控，将近红外光谱（Near Infrared Spectroscopy，NIRS）与偏最小二乘（Partial Least Squares，PLS）相结合构建玉米秸秆和畜禽粪便厌氧发酵液乙酸、丙酸和总酸含量快速检测模型。将竞争自适应重加权采样法（Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling，CARS）与遗传模拟退火算法（Genetic Simulated Annealing algorithm，GSA）相结合构建CARS-GSA算法对沼液中的乙酸、丙酸和总酸进行特征波长优选，原始光谱数据1 557个波长点经预处理和波长优选后，得到乙酸、丙酸和总酸特征波长变量分别为135、101和245个，建立的回归模型验证决定系数分别为0.988、0.923和0.886，预测均方根误差（Root Mean Squared Error of Prediction，RMSEP）分别为0.111、0.120和0.727，相对分析误差分别为9.685、3.685和3.484，与全谱建模相比RMSEP分别减少了17.78%、15.49%和1.22%，能够满足农牧废弃物厌氧发酵过程发酵液中乙酸和丙酸含量的快速检测需求，基本满足总酸的检测需求。结果表明，通过构建CARS-GSA算法优选乙酸、丙酸和总酸的敏感波长变量，参与建模的波长点数量显著减少，有效降低了变量维度和模型复杂度，提升了回归模型检测精度和预测能力，为快速准确检测沼液VFA提供了新途径。